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Movements for Muslim women to seek roles in national leadership have increased rapidly. Greater opportunities for women in education have further encouraged their involvement in politics. The most prominent Muslim female leaders are former prime minister of Pakistan Benazir Bhutto (served 1988-1990 and 1993-1996), Indonesian President Megawati Sukarnoputri (elected 2001), former Turkish Prime Minister Tansu Ciller (served 1993-1995), former Senegalese President Mame Madior Boye (elected 2001), Bangladeshi Prime Ministers Begum Khaleda Zia (served 1991-96 and 2001-06) and Sheikh Hasina Wajed (first elected in 1996), former Iranian vice president Masoumeh Ebtekar (served from 1997 to 2005), Malian president Cissé Mariam Kaïdama Sidibé (elected in 2011), current President of Kosovo Atifete Jahjaga (elected in 2011), and current President of Mauritius Bibi Ameenah Firdaus Gurib-Fakim (elected in 2015). Dar al-Ifta al-Misriyyah, an Islamic institute that advises Egypt's ministry of justice, issued a fatwa stating that female rulers and judges are allowed in Islam.〔http://eng.dar-alifta.org/foreign/f.aspx?ID=882435〕 The Qur’an contains verses that appear to support the role of women in politics, such as its mention of the Queen of Sheba, who represented a ruler who consulted with and made important decisions on behalf of her people.〔Mernissi, Fatima, and Mary Jo Lakeland. 1993. The forgotten queens of islam (oubliées.English ). Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.〕 Further, the Hadith provides numerous examples of women having public leadership roles. Prophet Muhammad’s first wife Khadija bint Khuwaylid was his chief adviser as well as his first and foremost supporter. His third wife Aisha Abu Bakr, a well-known authority in medicine, history, and rhetoric, often accompanied the Prophet to battles, even leading an army at the Battle of the Camel.〔 Though leadership opportunities for Muslim women are cemented in religious text and continue to expand today, earlier generations had different understandings of women’s roles.〔 Despite modern developments and greater inclusion of Muslim women in political life, there are some Muslims who maintain that the ideal Muslim woman should confine herself to the role of mother and wife.〔 ==Islamic texts== Islamic scholars argue that the Qur'an gives women the right to participate in public affairs as there are examples of women who took part in serious discussions and argued even with Prophet Muhammad himself.〔Qur'an , 〕 In addition, during the Caliphate of Umar, a woman argued with him in the mosque, proved her point, and caused him to declare in the presence of many people: "A woman is right and Umar is wrong". However one of the major problems with the ability for women to lead in Muslim-majority countries stems from differences in interpretation of the textual foundations for Islam, the Qur'an and Hadiths. This problem is exacerbated by the complexity of the Arabic language, the different sectors of Islam, such as the differences between Shia Islam and Sunni Islam, and the difference that occur across the different regions. There is not a singular interpretation of the Qur'an that defines Islam. Therefore, the role of women as leaders cannot be definitively found in the Qur'an. The role of female leaders is constantly evolving depending on interpretation. Through new modern interpretations from the "progressive Islam" movement women have gained more freedom and power as leaders.〔 Sections of the Qur’an used to limit women's power: “Men are in charge of women, because Allah hath made the one of them to excel the other, and because they spend of their property (for the support of women)” (4:34)〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.islamawakened.com/quran )〕 This verse however is often misinterpreted.〔http://mymuslimthoughts.blogspot.ca/2015/02/what-does-it-mean-when-quran-says-men.html〕 Chapter 2 verse 228 says that men are a degree above women, however this again is often misinterpreted.〔http://mymuslimthoughts.blogspot.ca/2015/02/what-does-it-mean-when-quran-says-men_10.html〕 In Chapter 27, verses 29-44, the Qur’an references female leadership with the Queen of Sheba (Bilqis) who had a role similar to head of state. Sections of the Qur’an used to equate women's power: "Hence, do not covet the bounties which God has bestowed more abundantly on some of you than on others. Men shall have a benefit from what they earn, and women shall have a benefit from what they earn. Ask, therefore, God (give you ) out of His bounty: behold, God has indeed full knowledge of everything."(4:32)〔 "Verily for all men and women who have surrendered themselves unto God, and all believing men and believing women, and all truly devout men and truly devout women, and all men and women who are true to their word, and all men and women who are patient in adversity, and all men and women who humble themselves (God ), and all men and women who give in charity, and all self-denying men and self-denying women, and all men and women who are mindful of their chastity, and all men and women who remember God unceasingly: for (of ) them has God readied forgiveness of sins and a mighty reward."(33:35)〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Muslim female political leaders」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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